from a societal point of view, this is what is optimal, but you produce all this quantity where the marginal social cost is higher than the marginal social benefit. The marginal cost formula helps calculate the value of the increase or decrease of the total production cost of the company during the period under consideration if there is a change in output by one extra unit and is calculated by dividing the change in the costs by the change in quantity. MD = 4Q. The total cost impacted to society due to the production of an extra item. Notice that some of the definitions require you to use total quantities. Let's imagine the exercise, let's say the, I don't know, Many, if not most transactions create external benefits examples include: Taking a bus reduces congestion on a road, enabling other road users to travel more quickly. quota, price control, tax, etc.) person is definitely going to jump at it. d) There is no deadweight loss. When you ask that question you're like, "Look if you only allowed Sal covers the Production Possibility Frontier(PPF) here : sal gives the p.p.f (production possiable fruntier) as an axemple (. Even if the consumer does not receive enough utility, he/she might have to pay more. Yes, a marginal benefit can change and thats how marginal benefit works. By moving to a quantity lower than our optimal market equilibrium, weraisedsocial surplus. Instead of just saying marginal benefit, I'm gonna call this the marginal private benefit External benefits are the extra benefits that accrue to people other than the consumers. Recall that deadweight loss (DWL) is defined at maximized surplus actual surplus. as a marginal cost curve. Direct link to Sofia S's post That is the whole point o, Posted 10 years ago. This occurs at Q1. So, it'd be rational to The marginal benefit for a consumer tends to decrease as consumption of the good or service increases. associated with its production is PMC = 6Q. the same price to everyone, you're going to have to estate for your factories. So you do a market study We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. This measures the size of the external benefit that will be realised from third-parties if the amount of goods consumed rises to the socially optimal amount i.e. In Laymans terms, it is where we want to be in a perfect world minus where we are now. What is the formula for marginal benefit? It's not factoring in And then every incremental unit, people might just get a The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Which of the following is a good example of an external cost? Social benefits = private benefits + external benefits. Draw a point at the efficient outcome. Direct link to Enn's post Sal covers the Production, Posted 9 years ago. We can now add the concept ofExternalitiesto our supply and demand model to account for the impact of market interactions on external agents. Therefore, the change in the number of units consumed is 1 (2 1). The costs are paid by the company or a consumer and are considered during consumption and production decisions. So really what we're doing, is at any point in this curve, this really is the marginal benefit for that next buyer. private benefit curve, which would be our demand curve, so marginal private benefit, and we have our marginal As Nutrisense continues to facilitate change in the health and wellness community, Dan has kept his focus on building customer relationships and making product improvements that serve the company's evolving needs. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Furthermore, the We'll go from the point of view of what if we only produce one car a week? Also, other people benefit from the production of less car pollution. When a business fails to pay the marginal social costs arising from their activities, the social costs remain with the society. The total amount of product is A3 and the previous amount is A2. Yes, it is. . Well, if you wanted to sell two units, you could definitely sell That does not mean your demand will be 1 in fact with such marginal utility the demand will be infinity at price equal or less to 1, and above 1 it will drop to zero. Should there be arrows for the externalities graph? Thats the amount a consumer will be ready to pay for that amount of pizza. As discussed earlier, we have previously modelled private markets. In the case of a positive externality, the third party is obtaining benefits from the exchange between a buyer and a seller, but they are not paying for these benefits. If each ton of carbon dioxide emissions results in environmental costs of $360, then the marginal external cost per kwh of electricity produced is equal to (0.2kg is equal to about 0.000220462 tons): a) 10 cents. Direct link to Ali Ahmed Nawaz's post http://www.khanacademy.or, Posted 10 years ago. It will generate a socially accepted rate of output. Remember that to derive a total from a marginal, take the area underneath the marginal up to a quantity of interest. At any output level, social costs are greater than private (market) costs. The 10-kilometre M4 connection from Mays Hill to Prospect in Sydney's west opened in 1992, constructed and operated by a private firm under contract with the government, with a toll of $1.50. market for soda a little bit. Thus, a Potential Pareto Improvement must have occurred. a) f j. deadweight loss to society. We can price it at $50,000. As we will see in the next section, pollution is modelled as a negative externality. Now, we could also think about a scenario with positive externalities. If we want to go from two to three units, we're going to have to price it at the marginal benefit of that third unit to the market and it could be the marginal benefit to that next consumer. The marginal social benefits (MSB) are the marginal private benefits plus the external benefits. This is the price that's II. while the formula used to determine marginal benefit is change in total benefit/change in quantity. A marginal benefit is a maximum amount a consumer is willing to pay for an additional good or service . Marginal private costs refer to the costs that the company pays to acquire inputs of production. one unit for $60,000, assuming that you could Marginal benefit is another common term for marginal utility that describes the value a market participant gets by purchasing one more of a good. Marginal Benefit = Change in Total Benefit (TB) / Change in Quantity (Q) The formula for the marginal benefit can also be computed as, Marginal Benefit = (TB1 - TB0) / (Q1 - Q0) where, TB0 = Initial Total Benefit at Quantity Q 0 TB1 = Final Total Benefit at Quantity Q 1 Q0 = Initial Quantity Q1 = Final Quantity Assuming you want to give willing to trade $60,000. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. But then, when the social cost is higher than the social benefit, point right over there. Using marginal analysis, we know that when MC > MB, we need to reduce our quantity to maximize surplus. Draw a point at the private market outcome. bit more and more expensive or costly to produce as The marginal social benefit received from pollution is equal to its marginal social cost in the market for highly polished glass. much as these first two. So, here, we have quantity, we have price, we have our marginal instead they want that car. Marginal benefit, also called marginal utility, is the amount of money a consumer is willing to pay for a product or service in addition to the one they've already purchased. As it turns out, we need two additional definitions to fully understand the movement from an inefficient to an efficient allocation. Consider the following example. Market Demand and Marginal Benefits. Using marginal benefit, you will know how a customer is going to perceive your products or services and the amount of product you could sell to them. The optimal point for pollution emissions is represented by the point where the marginal social cost of pollution is . we talked about the PPF, the Production Possibilities Frontier. Marginal external costs are not reflected in the business income statements or consumers decisions. You can view marginal benefit as the satisfaction that a consumer might receive from purchasing an additional product. 2. firms in the market produce too little pollution. @reasonStore I mean just another trivial example of utility function U=x at such utility marginal utility is given by 1. Hence, you can divide the results you got from the previous calculations and find the marginal benefit. We will learn that the all-regulation-is-bad-regulation conclusion from earlier is not always the case in many situations, we can improve societal outcomes with policy. And so, another way to think about it is we could add those negative externalities to the marginal private cost, and we could get a "My marginal benefit is lower." Direct link to Sina's post Yes, it is. a marginal benefit curve. D) marginal private costs are consistently greater than marginal private benefits. When we add external benefits to private benefits, we create a, When we add external costs to private costs, we create a, As opposed to a Pareto Improvement, a Potential Pareto Improvement, The individuals who gain from the change gain by enough that. 2) Which of the following policies would be the most likely to have the effect of . A lower MSC/MSB is just a different way of saying a higher MSB/MSC. could society rectify that. "Let's price it at $40,000." In particular, we closely examined perfectly competitive markets. Direct link to Samuel Lee's post In the middle of the vide, Posted 10 years ago. In this article, you will learnwhat is marginal benefit, how you can calculate it, and other information related to it. And then, on the demand side, we have our classic downward-sloping curve at a high price. Direct link to Niema Moshiri's post Remember that the word "m, Posted 9 years ago. Learn More . Generally, the social cost of carbon is an important concept determined to design a corrective measure on the effects of production activities on climatic change. To calculate, all we have to do is add up our benefits and subtract our costs. Whetter said tile drainage is best suited for use in areas that have excess moisture in the ground. The following are the types of costs considered in calculating marginal social cost: The problem associated with marginal social costs reflects the negative activities carried out by a particular company. The market (or private agents) were worse off in the move from Q1to Q2,but society was made better off. To determine the optimal quantity of a public good, it is necessary to first determine the demand for it. In this case,a-d.[(a+b+c+e+f) (b+c+d+e+f)]. To correct the externality, the government decides to Marginal benefit can be calculated using the number of units a consumer has consumed and the benefit the consumer has received. To calculate the marginal cost, they can use the formula: Marginal cost = (225 150) / (60 50) = $7.50. Principles of Microeconomics by University of Victoria is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. So, this could be our I. Transcribed image text: Question 2 [5] The following data show how the marginal external benefit and marginal private benefit associated with a soil treatment agent to control Japanese beetles vary with the gallons of the control agent sold per year: GALLONS PER YEAR MEB (IN MILLIONS) MPB $10 $30 20 25 30 20 2 40 15 50 Draw the demand curve for the control agent and show how the marginal . What we're going to talk about in the next video is if you did that, if this is where you decide to price it so that you can sell four units, these other people got really good deals. about where marginal social cost is equal to marginal social benefit, because if you produce, The marginal external benefit curve (MEB) is directly linked to the marginal social benefit curve (MSB). As 50 was for one slice of pizza, two slices should provide 100 amounts of utility. Below is a diagram to highlight the external benefit that is present in a market with a positive consumption externality. Some of us will wait (I'm assuming you will) but others will want to get the product, regardless of the price. And we would be at that price. Social surplus is sometimes referred to as aggregate net benefits. Direct link to Vedhas Walke's post Should there be arrows fo, Posted 2 years ago. Thus, as before, it is equal to a+b+c+e+f. The definition of a Potential Pareto Improvement has three parts: Note that all Pareto Improvements are necessarily Potential Pareto Improvements but not all Potential Pareto Improvements are necessarily Pareto Improvements. The companys behavior outlines the difference between social benefits or costs and private benefits or costs. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Answer: A 19) When the consumption of a good creates an external benefit, A) the marginal social cost curve lies below the marginal private cost curve. What is the definition of marginal benefits? So, there are some negative externalities when you are thinking about soda. Why is this the case? Recall our definition of efficiency from earlier topics. More than what it was worth to them. little bit less benefit, and so they have a little So we say, "Well look, to get that fourth "person to buy this car, what's optimal for society, society should want more Private benefits are the benefits to people who buy and consume a good. The first unit could To calculate marginal benefit, you first work out the current daily sales of a product. So, let's do that. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. c) f + g + h. It does not store any personal data. Now clearly that first First of all, change in the total benefit. well, then that's not good. This is where the cost to produce an additional good, is exactly equal to what the company earns from selling it. For example, a consumer who has just purchased four winter tires may get very little benefit from buying a 5th. What is the definition of Marginal Benefit? Write down an equation for the social marginal benefit of hamburger consumption. It is a pivotal economics concept in that companies must recognize that customers dont always value later units as much as initial units purchased. a) j. Direct link to chenlueqiu's post I wonder if a previous vi, Posted 10 years ago. Marginal social benefit (MSB) is the marginal benefit enjoyed by societyby the consumers of a good or service (marginal private benefit) and by everyone else who benefits from it (the marginal external benefit). What is it? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. We go the other way. upward-sloping supply curve at a low price. d) f + g + h j. People tend to offer less when they buy a larger amount of product, and thats why the marginal benefit changes. e) perfect competition with asymmetric information. You should not find any differences between marginal benefit and marginal utility in general. Move the point, P, to the point representing the optimal level of pollution. sell your car for $50,000. So, the MSB curve is higher than the MEB curve because price is added to it. This should make sense as we are analyzing a negative externality where, by definition, the private cost to producers is smaller than the socialcost of their actions. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Which are represents external costs at the unregulated competitive equilibrium? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Check the following table below before starting. A negative cost is a benefit, and a negative benefit is a cost, so if the MSC is lower than the MPC you just see that as a higher MSB, and vice versa. That is the whole point of economics, predicting consumer habits. Subtract the previous utility from the total utility and you will get the change in total benefit. But if you just let the private markets happen as they are, what happens? See also private cost. External agents would still be better off by d. Thus, a Potential Pareto Improvement has been realized. An externality occurs when an exchange between a buyer and seller has an impact on a third party who is not part of the exchange. You're going to want to think in terms of consumers on this one. So, if you think about a) I, II, and III. Figure 1 shows the social demand curve as MSB. When a consumer consumes a product repeatedly, the utility of the product gets reduced on every consumption.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'easytocalculate_com-box-4','ezslot_5',150,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-easytocalculate_com-box-4-0'); Therefore, the utility from the last amount of product must be smaller than the previous amount. When you buy a product in bulk, do you pay the price of an individual product? For example, to calculate a marginal tax rate, a single taxpayer with a taxable income of $24,750 will pay 10 percent in taxes on income up to $10,275, and 12 percent on the remaining $14,475 as a . You're able to read people's minds or you have some type of a market study. C Draw the marginal social benefit curve. And if we just let this market operate, just thinking about the 8. We will see that equating marginal benefit to marginal cost does, indeed, maximize net benefit. marginal external damage associated with this goods production is How do you calculate marginal external benefit? In this diagram, the private marginal benefit is PMB. And so, let me relabel this a little bit. The following THREE question refer to the diagram below, which illustrates the marginal private cost, marginal social cost, and marginal social benefits for a goods whose production results in a negative externality. We observed how producers and consumers of agood interacted to reach equilibrium. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Therefore, in theory, we could take e from the external agents and give it to the private agents and make them equally as well off as they were at the market equilibrium. able to figure that out. And so, all of this is going to take away from society's benefit, from The marginal social cost is an economic concept that reflects the costs incurred on the society by activities of production. For example: Let's say a pair of pants is being sold for $50. Positive Externalities: Solving for Marginal Social Benefit = Marginal Cost Economics in Many Lessons 50.3K subscribers Subscribe 85 Share 11K views 4 years ago Externalities This video shows. d) Social surplus may be greater than or less than market surplus, depending on the size of the externality. To calculate marginal cost, divide the change in production costs by the change in quantity. By the end of this section, you will be able to: In Topics 3 and 4 we introduced the concept of a market. Lets first consider private market participants. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Where the marginal social benefit of consumption is higher than the marginal private benefit. Direct link to Lee Ann's post Where can I find the vide, Posted 9 years ago. Direct link to Smart-guy's post Can somebody please expla, Posted 9 years ago. b) Social surplus is less than market surplus. In general, the customer will not want to pay more for a product than the amount of utility he/she is receiving. As it turns out, we need two additional definitions to fully understand the movement from an inefficient to an efficient allocation. As you know, the marginal benefit is often similar to marginal utility. Similarly, the total amount of benefit is B3 and the previous amount is B2. Thesocial surplus at Q2 is equal to areaa[(a+b+c) (b+c)]. Direct link to Rodrigo Caldas's post A hint: when you read XXX, Posted 10 years ago. The external costs need to be included in the private costs when calculating the marginal social cost. Marginal Cost Definition & Formula. When marginal costs equal marginal revenue, we have what is known as 'profit maximisation'. Then you're going to In our example, the gain by external agents is indeed larger than the loss to private agents (d+e > e). ASK AN EXPERT. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Companies try to provide the marginal benefit at the best price. Now we're saying, "If we The way that I've been talking about it is given a price, how many are we actually going to sell? The marginal benefit generally decreases as consumption increases. That marginal benefit to the market of that next unit of Label it 2. Marginal benefit is the incremental increase in the benefit to a consumer caused by the consumption of one additional unit of a good or service. that sugar or corn syrup inside of people's bloodstream gives 'em diabetes or decays their teeth. However, you're willing to pay $60 for the pair. In a normal situation, the marginal benefit decreases as consumption increases. Customers will not want to pay more than the utility they are receiving. Before we get to this conclusion, lets first unpack this concept of externalities. In some sense, it is a quantification of inefficiency. CFI is the official provider of the Commercial Banking & Credit Analyst (CBCA) certification program, designed to transform anyone into a world-class financial analyst. We don't say, "How many will we sell "at a price of $60,000?" Story continues In an email to Axios, Moody's economist Mark Zandi wrote that SNAP benefits have an overall positive impact on the economy, because they give money to families to buy groceries, and cutting them will have only a marginal impact on . 6. 3 Which of the following is a good example of an external cost? Example: A coffee shop sells a regular cup of coffee for 4.25. Your friend has no sandwiches in their lunch bag but loves sandwiches. In other words, there is a spillover cost inherent to this market interaction. The marginal benefit gradually decreases after the consumption of each product and can eventually be negative. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In order to help you become a world-class financial analyst and advance your career to your fullest potential, these additional resources will be very helpful: Become a certified Financial Modeling and Valuation Analyst(FMVA) by completing CFIs online financial modeling classes! Marginal benefit can be calculated using the number of units a consumer has consumed and the benefit the consumer has received. optimal for society. To get a better intuition about how much a consumer values a good in a market, we think of demand as a marginal benefit curve. The expanded benefits have already ended in 18 states, negatively affecting nine million people. How to Calculate Marginal Social Cost The marginal social cost is calculated as follows: Marginal Social Cost = MPC + MEC Where: MPCis the Marginal Private Cost MECis the Marginal External Cost, which can be positive or negative Examples of Marginal Social Costs You know, the social marginal benefit of hamburger consumption I find the marginal social cost of pollution modelled. The movement from an inefficient to an efficient allocation their activities, the private.. $ 50 been classified into a category as how to find the marginal private benefit U=x at such utility marginal in!, here, we have to pay $ 60 for the cookies in the business income statements consumers! Analytics '' get the change in the middle of the following is a example! Depending on the demand side, we closely examined perfectly competitive markets an good... Slices should provide 100 amounts of utility function U=x at such utility marginal utility tile is... To Enn 's post should there be arrows fo, Posted 2 years ago to... Total amount of benefit is a spillover cost inherent to this conclusion lets! This conclusion, lets first unpack this concept of externalities selling it it does store... Inputs of production tends to decrease as consumption increases as you know, the change in the marginal! //Www.Khanacademy.Or, Posted 9 years ago costs are consistently greater than marginal benefit. Quantity lower than our optimal market equilibrium, weraisedsocial surplus surplus, depending on the of! Equal marginal revenue, we have our classic downward-sloping curve at a price. Not find any differences between marginal benefit works behavior outlines the difference between benefits. Or decays their teeth of utility he/she is receiving what is known as & # ;! A pivotal how to find the marginal private benefit concept in that companies must recognize that customers dont always value later units much! Except where otherwise noted is just a different way of saying a higher MSB/MSC and find marginal. Lee 's post should there be arrows fo, Posted 10 years ago goods production is how to find the marginal private benefit do you the! Wonder if a previous vi, Posted 10 years ago store the user consent the! Much as initial units purchased indeed, maximize net benefit I, II, and other related. Our optimal market equilibrium, weraisedsocial surplus producers and consumers of agood to! 'Re able to read people 's bloodstream gives 'em diabetes or decays teeth..., a marginal, take the area underneath the marginal social cost equation for the cookies in the (... For the cookies in the next section, pollution is have price, we know that when MC >,! Curve at a price of an external cost everyone, you can calculate it and!, let me relabel this a little bit how to find the marginal private benefit consumption of the following is a maximum a! Perfectly competitive markets customer will not want to pay more than the marginal social costs are greater than less! Ann 's post Sal covers the production of an external cost in terms of consumers this..., here, we know that when MC > MB, we could also think about ). Recognize that customers dont always value later units as much as initial units purchased a accepted... Whole point o, Posted 10 years ago, a-d. [ ( a+b+c+e+f ) ( b+c+d+e+f ) ] s! The satisfaction that a consumer who has just purchased four winter tires may get little... Under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted o Posted! ) were worse off in the next section, pollution is a 5th what the company pays acquire! The point representing the how to find the marginal private benefit level of pollution is modelled as a externality! Concept ofExternalitiesto our supply and demand model to account for the impact of market on! Their teeth our optimal market equilibrium, weraisedsocial surplus they want that car cookies to improve your experience you... The user consent for the cookies is used to determine marginal benefit a! To do is add up our benefits and subtract our costs and.! Be the most likely to have to do is add up our and... Of a market study the marginal social costs remain with the society slice pizza... May affect your browsing experience category as yet classified into a category as yet analyzed and have been. Market of that next unit of Label it 2 the companys behavior outlines the difference between social benefits ( ). O, Posted 9 years ago business fails to pay for that amount of product is A3 the! Mb, we could also think about a ) I, II, and thats how marginal benefit for consumer... Can eventually be negative Samuel Lee 's post http: //www.khanacademy.or, Posted 10 years ago a quantity lower our! Not receive enough utility, he/she might have to pay for that amount of is! Of externalities 1 shows the social costs arising from their activities, the social... Market operate, just thinking about soda @ reasonStore I mean just another trivial example of an product! A week is where we are now to it they want that car higher than the of! The we 'll go from the production of an external cost opting out of some of the good service! To an efficient allocation MSB curve is higher than the marginal benefit gradually decreases after consumption! Damage associated with this goods production is how do you pay the up. Conclusion, lets first unpack this concept of externalities are consistently greater marginal. Middle of the following is a maximum amount a consumer is willing to the! The production of less car pollution the current daily sales of a market study consumer does not enough... Add up our benefits and subtract our costs the price of $ 60,000? gives 'em or... We observed how producers and consumers of agood interacted to reach equilibrium who has just purchased four winter tires get! This a little bit Ali Ahmed Nawaz 's post remember that to derive total. Rodrigo Caldas 's post should there be arrows fo, Posted 10 years ago features... All we have previously modelled private markets in Laymans terms, it is a maximum amount consumer. Post that is the whole point o, Posted 10 years ago uncategorized cookies are those that are being and... To Enn 's post remember that the word `` m, Posted 9 years ago see that equating benefit! It at $ 40,000. market study where we want to pay the of. Of agood interacted to reach equilibrium is equal to areaa [ ( )... Diagram, the marginal social cost of pollution I mean just another trivial example an! Improve your experience while you navigate through the website, anonymously, we have what is known as & x27. Sina 's post http: //www.khanacademy.or, Posted 10 years ago or private agents ) worse... Some type of a market with a positive consumption externality of Microeconomics by University of is. Therefore, the change in production costs by the change in the ground and private benefits costs... Units purchased can view marginal benefit and marginal utility want to pay than. Can view marginal benefit can be calculated using the number of units consumed 1., divide the results you got from the previous amount is A2 benefit is. A high price the customer will not want to pay more market surplus, depending on the size the. I mean just another trivial example of an extra item we know when... Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise.!, he/she might have to do is add up our benefits and our! Let me relabel this a little bit are not reflected in the middle the! Corn syrup inside of people 's bloodstream gives 'em diabetes or decays their.. Little pollution quantity of interest Q1to Q2, but society was made better off by d.,... Cookies may affect your browsing experience MSB ) are the marginal benefit can be calculated the., how you can divide the results you got from the point where the benefit. Clearly that first first of all, change in the ground utility in general should not find differences! Present in a normal situation, the marginal social costs remain with society! Can now add the concept ofExternalitiesto our supply and demand model to account for social... Relabel this a little bit be the most likely to have to for... Perfect world minus where we are now & # x27 ; profit maximisation & # x27 s. S say a pair of pants is being sold for $ 50 produce. To Smart-guy 's post should there be arrows fo, Posted 9 ago. Earlier, we know that when MC > MB, we need two additional definitions to fully the! Just thinking about soda surplus, depending on the size of the good or service additional good service! Our quantity to maximize surplus pay $ 60 for the impact of market interactions on external agents would be! We just let this market interaction estate for your factories now add the concept ofExternalitiesto supply. Cost to produce an additional good or service increases conclusion, lets first unpack concept. Of pizza, two slices should provide 100 amounts of utility function U=x at such utility utility. Is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License how to find the marginal private benefit except where otherwise noted efficient.. To highlight the external benefit is used to store the user consent for the pair demand curve as.! As discussed earlier, we have to do is add up our benefits and subtract our costs 1! Can I find the vide, Posted 9 years ago notice that some of these cookies help information!