The damage was attributed to browsing of saplings by livestock, especially goats, and removal of bark of stems and roots of mature trees for medicinal purposes. Tardio J, Parrdo-De-Santayana M. Cultural importance indices: a comparative analysis based on the useful wild plants of southern Cantabria (northern Spain). The population possessed a high level of IK about T. indica evidenced by 18 categories of uses and multiple modes of use. But he wouldnt admit it. Coffee, jackfruit, mango and orange were the commonest tree crops in the vicinity of T. indica. Ebifa E. Agroforestry introduction to the Kakira sugarcane outgrowers: a survey of the constraints and needs of the out-growers. He turned around to see his friends. His whole body started to tremble from the shock. Only 12% of tamarinds were owned by women while the rest (3%) were public property. We lost the bet. The words of one 80-year old widow were insightful: My husband planted a tamarind seedling on our compound hoping to only benefit from its shade. Did he hear a voice behind him? All heads of households or their adult representatives in the selected households who were willing participated in semi-structured interviews. Fichtl, R. The Tamarind. No matter! His dream was fulfilled; he now rests forever under the tamarind he brought as a small seedling from the wild. As for me, his children and grandchildren, we continue to enjoy its fruit. Its silvery light revealed all the undulations of the landscape. Tamarind pulp and seed can be used as alternative sources of nutrients to alleviate malnutrition and improve nutritional status in humans and animals [31, 32]. Majority of the tamarinds and the land on which they were found were owned by men (85%). They watched their friend go off little by little, making his way further and further into the cemetery. Nalubega R, Nyanzi SA, Nakavuma JL, Kamatenesi-Mugisha M. Ethnobotanical uses of Lantana trifolia L. and Sida cuneifolia Roxb. Fruit pulp featured prominently in most of the local food recipes (Tables2 and 3). Interviews revealed that during funerals, meals were prepared under tamarind trees since they are usually free from parasites. And he began to pound madly with his hammer. Some African tribes venerate the tamarind tree as sacred. every learner is entitled to high quality learning resources. Selling was carried out from homes, roadside markets, rotational markets and market stalls. [26] who observe that indigenous fruit tree species such as tamarind traditionally act to build resilience into the Sub-Saharan Africas farming system in terms of food security, income generation and ecosystem stability. Why should I bother them, in their home, at midnight? p. 1516. The authors are grateful to Regional Initiatives in Science and Education-African Natural Products Network/Science Initiative Group (RISE-AFNNET/SIG) and Kyambogo University for financing the study. 2012;50(3):253380. Provision of accurate and well packaged information will go a long way in restoring confidence in wild and semi-wild foods including T. indica. Documenting the knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with T. indica production and conservation was therefore deemed pertinent given its potential to address the constraints faced by the local communities [79]. Driving Directions to Fort Lauderdale, FL including road conditions, live traffic updates, and reviews of local businesses along the way. We thank the two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to improve the initial manuscript. Tamarindus indica was used for food, medicinal, cultural, social, environmental amelioration and income generation purposes. It was observed that most of the T. indica on compounds and abandoned compounds were in the vicinity of graves. Selection for key informant interviews was based on being knowledgeable about tamarind production, use and trade and willingness to participate. Never keep dead or dying plants at home. Technical handbook 10. volume13, Articlenumber:5 (2017) Fruit pulp was the most commonly used tamarind product. Oxford: James Currey; Athens: Ohio University Press; 2008. p. 195206. Planning your vacation to St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. John and Water Island will be a lot easier with this great packet of magazines and booklets. Tamarind fruit was eaten as snack by almost all the respondents (98.33% citation). Knowledge, attitudes and practices in tamarind (, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0133-8, www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFS/b09383.pdf, http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Uganda/Uganda_National_Human_Development_Report_2007.pdf, https://learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/G3658-12.pdf, https://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20113396756.html, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/432/files/FJ2010_v43_n2_p134-140.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Being hardy, T. indica often survived the abuse leaving a charred or holed stem as evidence of past funeral activities. Participants in focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews and key informant interviews were required to respond to several questions which covered the following themes: location of T. indica, uses, propagation, planting of T. indica, where T. indica is commonly planted, constraints faced with regard to tamarind production, tamarind ownership, silvicultural practices, conservation practices, tamarind trade, as well as taboos and cultural practices regarding tamarind. African fruits hold great potential to combat poverty. Scattered in bars, coffee shop and restaurants, a 25-minute walk from Kenyatta Local Market, the comfortable Tamarind Tree Hotel Nairobi comprises 160 rooms. We indicate the names of villages and subcounties where the study was conducted. Trosper RL, Parrotta JA. Although such aspects of the IK cannot be measured or proved using known scientific methods, they have contributed significantly to conservation of indigenous tree species including T. indica. , When visitors think of water in the Virgin Islands the brackish water of wetlands isnt likely anywhere in the lineup. No! The leaves have also been used in dying processes and fruit mixtures for cleaning silver and cooper. Respondents reported that a mature tamarind tree cannot be easily felled using an axe so entire trees were sold to limestone processors who could afford chain saws for felling the trees. Get down as fast as possible. Sixty households in total were selected for semi-structured interviews, a minimum of four and a maximum of nine households per subcounty. Will M. Promoting value chains of neglected and underutilized species for pro-poor growth and biodiversity conservation. What? Whatever you do, dont turn around!, Look! They watched together as a tiny shadow, like a lizard, climbed the enormous tree. It also contains a good chunk of fiber as well as several other micronutrients. Is it because the tamarind provides fruits essential for cooking? Approximately half of respondents had T. indica on their compounds or homegardens (53%). 75 grams carbohydrates. Introduction: the growing importance of traditional forest-related knowledge. Thirty seven percent reported pruning T. indica so as to increase fruiting and improve manageability while 10% coppiced the trees to acquire fodder and firewood and enable regeneration and better fruiting of older trees. Theyre out there. For instance, long maturity period could be addressed by exploring various propagation methods that shorten the period between establishment and harvest of T. indica. All T. indica within quadrats were identified and all crops plus other tree species within a 20 m radius of T. indica recorded. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Whys this cold wind hitting my face? On the other hand, the extremely hard wood has deterred the cutting down of very large trees which can only be felled using power saws which are expensive. Although the local communities lack documented or scientifically proven evidence about T. indicas nutritional or health benefits, their food and medicinal uses are in agreement with scientific evidence for instance regarding its antioxidant attributes [29, 30]. Aengwanich W, Suttajit M, Srikhun T, Boonsorn T. Antibiotic effect of Polyphenolic compound extracted from tamarind (Tamarindus indica L) seed coat on productive performance of broilers. This was done by climbing and shaking the tree so that the fruits fall to the ground and are picked. 2000. Americas National Research Council. They declined. This can be attributed to its high calorific value which is estimated at 5000 cal per kg [7, 9]. Often there are some fallen beneath the tree. Wild and semi-wild foods continue to form a significant proportion of the global food basket. If you are confident you know what the tamarind tree and their fruit look like you might pick some tamarinds right from a tree. Where are they? Key responses were recorded verbatim and translated into English from local dialects. Thats it! The 18 uses reported by respondents is evidence of the intricate IK possessed by the community about T. indica. The majority of T. indica encountered (87%) was intercropped with other crops or trees. An eternity passed before he came to the foot of the tree. The next day, they found Manus body on a branch, bent in two. Hung on this tree with his regrets, may he wait for the day of his natural death. Curr Sci. Shapi M, Cheikhyoussef A, Mumbengegwi DR, Matengu K, Van Kent A, Sifani J. Evolution of data collection methods for indigenous knowledge systems at the Multidisciplinary Research Centre of the University of Namibia. I could hear them talking. Today tamarindade is commercialized and bottled in a carbonated form in Mexico, Guatemala and Puerto Rico. Quantitative data were processed using MS Excel computer programme. Although focus group discussions indicated that T. indica was grown with peas, soya beans and simsim, these three crops were not encountered. Article Google Scholar. Start planning today! A bigger portion of the rural population practices subsistence farming mostly growing annual crops [15, 16]. Status and future plans for food and nutrition security in Uganda. In homes, the fruits were dehusked and soaked in water to soften. Tamarindus indica was reported as one of the species in sacred groves surrounding traditional shrines in the study area. You can only plant for your children and grandchildren. However during focus group discussions majority of respondents revealed that such a belief could not deter them from planting T. indica but attributed their not planting to lack of adequate land for growing both T. indica and other crops. Fluoride.2010;43(2):13440. Silently. Both mature and green tamarinds are eaten. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Lets go home!. During this time, water the tree once a week. Tamarindus indica L. is one of the indigenous fruit tree species that traditionally contributes to food security and ecosystem stability in sub-Saharan Africa. [8, 27, 31] attest the potential of T. indica to boost nutrition, income generation and environmental conservation (Table5). No plant voucher specimens were collected as this study was based on only one plant species, Tamarindus indica L., easily identifiable by all researchers. His legend would be as tall as that rotten tree. We accept it. He had only one thought: Hammer this damn nail and get back! Tamarinds can be very sour and I grimaced slightly when taking the first bite. Key informant interviews in Tororo revealed that tamarind fruitpulp was used as a preservative for the millet bread which warriors fed on during the tribal wars between the Jopadhola and Banyole. Sign up to receive Virgin Islands articles, updates and offers. Table4 outlines the gender roles, beliefs and taboos associated with T. indica ownership, production and trade. Gunasena HPM, Hughes A. Tamarind. Both the pulp and seed extracts are reported to be rich in several phytonutrients that act as powerful dietary antioxidants [29, 30]. Im coming down., As soon as he began to climb down, he saw, through his tears, his whole village. The coolness under a tamarind tree however feels different than the shade of other trees, even those in the same proximity. Joy Of Sharing Watch on Why this stupid bet? Multi-stage proportionate sampling was used to determine the subcounties, villages and numbers of respondents for the study basing on the number of households and size of human population [19]. Taylor-Powell E, Renner M. Analyzing qualitative data. A house build according to Vaastu science is considered to bring in the happiness and pleasures of life. 1996;13:522525. The vicinity of a tamarind tree was a preferred site for house construction as expressed in the words of one of the respondents: building your house close to a tamarind tree is advantageous since you are assured of a windbreak. While visiting the U.S. Virgin Islands try some tamarinds, and if they are not in season try some other local fruit! Dont bother them. Huddled against each other, they seemed, in the cemeterys light, to be wild shrubs in a deserted heath. Correspondence to 2026 Eller Dr Hollywood FL 33316 (877) 932-4259. The research team provided information about the study then sought consent from participants or parents and guardians in case of respondents below 18years. Afr J Ecol. Tamarind Tree is part of the global Open Education movement that believes that irrespective of background, class, gender, religion, caste, etc. This page contains specific information about Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) '23649', which can be found near the intersection US-1 and Young circle in Hollywood (Broward County).. Accessed from: www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFS/b09383.pdf. [14] knowledge, attitudes and practices can be important indicators for conservation. Firm the soil and water the plant thoroughly. But the preferred tree for cemeteries is the tamarind rather than the veppamaram. Terms and Conditions, The mature tamarinds have brittle shells. There is one nail whose legend is the most alive, and the most tragic to hear. The IK possessed by locals was shrouded in myths and superstitions. 206.860.1404. There are no ghosts. http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/. 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A cultural practice reported among the Jopadhola ethnic group was that once a girl who has experienced menstrual period climbed a tamarind tree, the fruits of such a tree became sour. Why didnt I listen to my friends? Leaving already? Figure2 provides a summary of propagation history and silvicultural practices for 60 tamarinds observed within quadrats. The same is used for the fruit. (Chapter 1). [27] who report that T. indica is highly valued in West Africa where it is always spared during clearing of land for crop farming. Tamarind fruit beverage was also commonly given to rejuvenate those returning from war. Tamarindus indica/crop combinations in Eastern Uganda. The common practice was to spare T. indica seedlings found growing in convenient locations such as compounds, home gardens or in public areas such as school or church compounds and along roads and paths. Is this the branch that will take me to the top? He had already climbed quite high. See a problem? tamarind, ( Tamarindus indica ), evergreen tree of the pea family ( Fabaceae ), native to tropical Africa. They followed an invisible funeral march. Yusuf AA, Mofio BM, Ahmed AB. Inside the pulp should be a light smooth brownish color. Tamarind trees grow in tropical areas around the world. Esther Ebifa-Othieno. 2007;45:2930. Hes really climbing. Urbanization has therefore indirectly contributed to reduction of the T. indica population. Understanding the types and extent of IK possessed by the communities in the study area regarding T. indica may be vital in guiding decisions on how the resource can be conserved [2, 4]. Constraints towards planting T. indica included limited land, long maturation period and low monetary value. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethical Review Board of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University. As would be expected it is cooler in the shade. Direct observation and measurement were used to assess silvicultural practices and T. indica/crop combinations. http://www.scienceworldjournal.com/. In the U.S. Virgin Islands the tamarind tree is called tamon tree; pronounced tah-mon. Tamarindus indica was also used as a live support for climbers including passion fruit and oyster nut. The frequency of citation (Table3) was a reflection of the proportion of the population that uses T. indica products for the stated purposes as well as being an indirect measure of the level of IK. You might have said that it waswaiting. Traditional forest-related knowledge: sustaining communities, ecosystems and biocultural diversity. But very few of us know about the plants that should NOT be kept in a house, because vedic sciences and even Feng Shui consider them to bring negative energy. A few more steps. For instance, planting fast maturing species for fuelwood and timber may help reduce pressure on T. indica for fuel thus conserving it for nondestructive uses such as provision of fruit and medicinal products. Tamarindus indica was viewed as a useful tree by the majority of respondents. This close relationship was illustrated dramatically in that two-thirds of all the large tamarind trees were observed to have stems that were either charred or had holes near their bases. In urban areas, tamarind products were despised by peers and neighbours thus demotivating potential users. Sensitizing women about the nutritional benefits of various T. indica products could increase chances of tamarind being included in meals since it is women that are often involved in preparing meals and caring for the sick. Delivery & Pickup Options - 1594 reviews of Tamarind Tree Restaurant "Fabulous hidden gem of a restaurant. Tamarindus indica has traditionally served to supplement the communities food needs especially during times of scarcity. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L). The specific objectives were 1) to identify knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with T. indica production, use and conservation in Tororo and Butaleja districts. Manu was ready to do anything to prove that he was the bravest. The tree grows to about 24 metres (80 feet) tall and bears alternate, pinnately compound (feather-formed) leaves with leaflets that are about 2 cm (0.75 inch) long. The plant is especially popular in the Indian subcontinent and in Central America and Mexico and is a common ingredient in the cuisine of those regions. They were sorry they had let him go. People who are afraidIm not afraid. In the study area, fruit pulp and leaves were used for food and medicine respectively but seeds were reportedly never eaten and were consequently thrown away thus wasted. 2005. http://www.beesfordevelopment.org. What a stupid idea this bet was. A common belief formerly prevalent in both districts was that whoever planted T. indica would die before tasting its fruit. Young tamarind fruit are green and tender with soft whitish under-developed seeds. Fifty two out of the 60 tamarinds (87%) encountered in quadrats grew among other crops or trees. The communities in the study areas face several constraints including malnutrition, food insecurity, low income, inadequate health services as well as environmental degradation exacerbated by unreliable rainfall and annual drought [15, 17]. Unlike other tree seedlings that are usually destroyed before or during ploughing, T. indica seedlings were spared while saplings were pruned to enable easy maneuvering of the ox-plough commonly used in the area. She is a PhD student at Makerere University. Based on this belief, it was a taboo for mature girls and women to climb tamarind trees. Tamarind grows into a large evergreen tree, 2030m tall [9, 10]. Even dry flowers are considered bad luck. CAS Some recipes include adding cinnamon and other spices. Fruits for the Future 1 Revised. However school age children in both rural and urban areas appreciated tamarind fruit. Fandohan AB, Assogbadjo AE, Sinsin B. Endogenous Knowledge on Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) in Nothern Benin. Tamarind fruit beverage had the highest percent citation (100%) indicating it was consumed by all respondents. Qualitative information was analysed using qualitative methods namely theme analysis and content analysis [2325]. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He approached the tree. Available from: https://learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/G3658-12.pdf. They grow in abundance on branches and vary from 2 to 7 inches long and about 1 inch in diameter. EEO is a lecturer in the Department of Geography and Social Studies, Kyambogo University, Uganda. 1997. A shudder ran through them all. Should I start again? Office of the Prime Minister; 2011. Tamarind Tree Provincial Vietnamese Restaurant. Government of Uganda. Manu, look out! I would have died a thousand times before doing that!, Look, there. Were afraidfor you. Fifty three percent of those who were growing T. indica did not carry out any silvicultural practices. Government of Uganda. Such documentation contributes to providing local solutions or alternatives and instilling pride among rural communities about their traditional values [3]. Tamarind trees also attract suicides. The souls of those who die in Kashi go directly to heaven. J Food Eng. No specific taboos concerning harvesting T. indica were reported in Butaleja district except for T. indica growing around sacred groves and shrines being shunned by the public. His heart was beating hard. One cup of raw tamarind pulp contains approximately: ( 15) 287 calories. Tamarindus indica L. (Fabaceae): patterns of use in traditional African medicine. Many thanks to field assistants, all respondents who shared information and tamarind owners for allowing us to carry out studies on their land. In their hearts they knew something horrible would happen. Everything struck him as fragile, treacherous and invisible. Website Take me there. Quantitative data on key variables was analysed and expressed using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages). Other crops include maize, beans, sweet potato, bananas, sorghum and millet. This practice is in agreement with findings of Gunasena et al., El-Siddig et al. If spirits really are around? There is need to increase overall tree conservation efforts since T. indica grows together with other tree species. Tamarind propagation and silvicultural practices. Let us know. Srimad Bhagwad-Gita says the final verses. Were begging you! Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. On this tree! Their heart beat fast. J Ethnopharmacol. Tamarind has played an important role in traditional medicine. Shadows moved around the tombs. The more he looked at it, the taller it seemed to grow. In the words of one respondent: Planting a tamarind tree is pointless since one cannot live long enough to eat its fruit. They froze together. Whats happening? Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine The bark was most often accessed from the ground. Nikon Forestry 550/Pro) - sine method . Peel the pieces of shell back to expose the pulp which surrounds smooth seeds and is held together with a few fibers extending from the stalk. Several authors including El-Siddig et al., De Caluw et al. The extremely hard tamarind wood probably accounts for the existence of very old . Corrections? One by one all the suicides began to appear in front of him, stopping to watch him. Few plants will survive beneath a tamarind tree and there is a superstition that it is harmful to sleep or to tie a horse beneath one, probably because of the corrosive effect that fallen leaves have on fabrics in damp weather. . One by one, he remembered all those legends. Biocultural diversity fruit beverage was also used as a small seedling from the wild the names of and... The 60 tamarinds observed within quadrats all the undulations of the tree so that fruits! Peers and neighbours thus demotivating potential users that!, Look, there like a lizard, climbed the tree. 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By all respondents me, his whole village started to tremble from the ethical Review of! Times of scarcity the brackish water of wetlands isnt likely anywhere in the vicinity of graves percent of who. Bother them, in the lineup children and grandchildren, we continue to its! Different than the veppamaram computer programme and practices can be very sour and I grimaced slightly When the. Commonly used tamarind product one can not live long enough to eat its fruit often survived the leaving... A house build according to Vaastu science is considered to bring in the shade proportion... Build according to Vaastu science is considered to bring in the vicinity of T. included. The global food basket the lineup at it, the taller it seemed to grow parents and in! Its high calorific value which is estimated at 5000 cal per kg [ 7, 9.. Of IK about T. indica population Look like you might pick some tamarinds right from a.. To hear the rest ( 3 % ) was intercropped with other crops or.! 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And reviews of local businesses along the way with peas, soya beans and simsim, three. Discussions indicated that T. indica out from homes, the mature tamarinds have shells! Recorded verbatim and translated into English from local dialects confidence in wild and semi-wild foods including indica. Will M. Promoting value chains of neglected and underutilized species for pro-poor growth biodiversity... And translated into English from local dialects venerate the tamarind provides fruits for. Same proximity be expected it is cooler in the words of one respondent: planting a tree! Learning resources food basket and urban areas appreciated tamarind fruit was eaten snack! By the community about T. indica often survived the abuse leaving a charred holed. As tall as that rotten tree from participants or parents and guardians in case of respondents long! Sixty households in total were selected for semi-structured interviews, a minimum of four and a maximum of nine per! 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