If you are a dynamic individual seeking a new career opportunity, read further The Programme in Health Services and Systems Research (HSSR) at the Medical School in Singapore invites applications from outstanding candidates. One of the most dramatic is the Great Barrier Reef off northeastern Australia with chains of reef patches. The country has been broadened by globalisation and immigration specifically from Oceania, Europe, and Asia. "[101] Kennedy defined Oceania as including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. The Americas a. By their definition, Near Oceania consists of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands, with the exception of Santa Cruz Islands. World urban population. Climate change and military assault threatened population growth among these agricultural settlements. [24] Before Europeans arrived in the area, the sea shielded Australia and south central Pacific islands from cultural influences that spread through large continental landmasses and adjacent islands. "[75] Conrad Malte-Brun in 1824 defined Oceania as covering Australia, New Zealand, the islands of Polynesia (which then included all the Pacific islands) and the Malay archipelago. Population is the entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn. [103] The journal associated the term Oceania with the Melanesian, Micronesian and Polynesian subdivisions, but not with the Indonesian or non-tropical subdivisions. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways. In the archaeological record there are well-defined traces of this expansion which allow the path it took to be followed and dated with some certainty. [36][37] In his 1879 book Australasia, British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace commented that, "Oceania is the word often used by continental geographers to describe the great world of islands we are now entering upon" and that "Australia forms its central and most important feature. In Samoan politics, the Prime Minister of Samoa is the head of government. [414] The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States. [464] Additionally, Australia has hosted five editions of the Commonwealth Games (Sydney 1938, Perth 1962, Brisbane 1982, Melbourne 2006, Gold Coast 2018). [16] Most Oceanian countries are multi-party representative parliamentary democracies, with tourism being a large source of income for the Pacific Islands nations. [323], Sydney is the most multicultural city in Oceania, having more than 250 different languages spoken with about 40% of residents speaking a language other than English at home. Chapter 15 - The Americas and Oceania, 1000 to 1500 Outline. ", "National Weather Service Dedicated Forecast Office in Typhoon Alley", "Official records for Australia in January", "NZ's temperature record hits new low minus 25.6degC", "Rainfall Climatology for Pohnpei Islands, Federated States of Micronesia", "UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 21 TAHUN 2001 TENTANG OTONOMI KHUSUS BAGI PROVINSI PAPUA", "Papuan province changes name from West Irian Jaya to West Papua", "3218.0 Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016", "What's driving population growth in Australia's cities? [266] Birds breeding on Pitcairn include the fairy tern, common noddy, and red-tailed tropicbird. This has contributed $1 billion or more to Fiji's economy since 1995, but the Government of Fiji likely underestimates these figures due to the invisible economy inside the tourism industry. In Kiribati, a Parliamentary regime, the President of Kiribati is the head of state and government, and of a multi-party system. Sir Isaac Isaacs was the first Australian-born Governor General of Australia and was the first Jewish vice-regal representative in the British Empire. Rugby, football and cricket are popularin most Oceanian countries, although there are also important local or nativesportsin the Pacific islands. including Australia, 31,377,000. In the financial year 2014/15, tourism represented 3% of Australia's GDP contributing A$47.5 billion to the national economy. "[90] Regarding Australia and the Pacific, Chambers's New Handy Volume American Encyclopdia observed in 1885 that, "the whole region has sometimes been called Oceania, and sometimes Australasiagenerally, however, in modern times, to the exclusion of the islands in the [Malay] archipelago, to which certain writers have given the name of Malesia. [360] Agriculture accounts for 18% of gross domestic product, although it employed some 70% of the workforce as of 2001. [11] The largest and most populous country in Oceania is Australia, and the largest city is Sydney. The national government (malo) generally controls the legislative assembly. What Is The Population Of Oceania. The mix includes species with unusual biology such as the kkp which is the world's only flightless, nocturnal, lek-breeding parrot, but also many species that are similar to neighboring land areas. This date range is based on glottochronological calculations and on three radiocarbon dates from charcoal that appears to have been produced during forest clearance activities. Migrating from South-East Asia, they appear to have occupied these islands as far east as the main islands in the Solomon Islands archipelago, including Makira and possibly the smaller islands farther to the east. They further include in this region Salas y Gmez, a small uninhabited island to the east of Easter Island. Australia was also not included, as it was settled several thousands of years before the arrival of Austronesian-speaking peoples in Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. [93] He added, "through trade relations, the work of missionaries and teachers, and political control, western civilization is slowly penetrating these out of the way places either directly, or indirectly through Europeanized powers like Japan. "[88] British linguist Robert Needham Cust argued in 1887 that the Malay archipelago should be excluded since it had participated in Asian civilization. [130][131][132] He did not include the volcanic Kuril Islands and Ryukyu Islands, which similarly border both the Eurasian Plate and the Pacific Plate,[133][134] nor did he include the neighboring Kodiak archipelago in the North Pacific Ocean, which is firmly situated on the North American Plate. "[96] In his 1857 book A Treatise on Physical Geography, Francis B. Fogg commented that "the Pacific and its dependencies may be said to contain that portion of the globe termed Oceanica or 'the Maritime World', which is divided into Australasia, Malesia and Polynesia." Many remain preliterate and, at the national or international level, the names of tribes and information about them is extremely hard to obtain. "[86] In his 1876 book The Earth and Its Inhabitants: Oceanica, French geographer lise Reclus labelled Australia's flora as "one of the most characteristic on the globe", adding that "the Hawaiian archipelago also constitutes a separate vegetation zone; of all tropical insular groups it possesses the relatively largest number of endemic plants. 75 million. Which includes the present-day countries of Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore. [443] In Papua New Guinea, the most popular sport is Rugby league. Santa Cruz, a population located in Remote Oceania, is an anomaly with extreme frequencies of autochthonous haplogroups of Near Oceanian origin. "[119] In a 1980 report on venereal diseases in the South Pacific, the British Journal of Venereal Diseases categorized the Desventuradas Islands, Easter Island, the Galpagos Islands and the Juan Fernndez Islands as being in an eastern region of the South Pacific, along with areas such as Pitcairn Islands and French Polynesia, but noted that the Galpagos Islands were not a member of the South Pacific Commission, like other islands in the South Pacific. [235], Australasia comprises Australia, New Zealand, the island of New Guinea, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. It covers an area of about 3,291,903 sq.mi and accommodates a population of 40 million. Oceania has traditionally been divided into four parts: Australasia ( Australia and New Zealand ), Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Many scholars now replace those categories with Green's terms since the early 1990s, but the old categories are still used in science, popular culture and general usage. The bulk of the population of Oceania practicesProtestantism (42.7%), followed by Catholicism (24.7%) and otherChristian sects(14.8%). "[147], In Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pacific Islands: A Comprehensive Guide (2013), George R. Zug claimed that "a standard definition of Oceania includes Australia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, and New Zealand and the oceanic islands of Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia." Fiji and Tonga became independent in 1970. [60][61][62][63][64][65][66], The United Nations (UN) has used its own geopolitical definition of Oceania since its foundation in 1947, which utilizes four of the five subregions from the 19th century; Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. He excluded from his definition the larger islands of New Guinea and New Zealand, and argued that Cocos Island, the Galpagos Islands, the Revillagigedo Islands and other oceanic islands nearing the Americas were not part of Oceania, due to their biogeographical affinities with that area and lack of prehistoric indigenous populations. [368] In 2015, there were 7.4 million visitor arrivals. [12] Puncak Jaya in Highland Papua, Indonesia, is the highest peak in Oceania at 4,884m (16,024ft). Easter Island and the Galpagos Islands were defined by James as falling within the organization's geographical parameters. New Zealand's 1983 Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia means that the economy aligns closely with that of Australia. [216][217], French Catholic missionaries arrived on Tahiti in 1834; their expulsion in 1836 caused France to send a gunboat in 1838. [126] The book defined Oceania's major subregions as being Australia, Indonesia (which included all areas associated with the Malay archipelago), Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. [434], Rugby union is one of the region's most prominent sports,[435] and is the national sport of New Zealand, Samoa, Fiji and Tonga. It additionally commented, "it is certainly not necessary to consider the Hawaiian Islands and Australia as being in the same part of the world, it is however permissible to unite in one group all the islands which are scattered over the great ocean. Australia and New Zealand's trading arrangements are known as Closer Economic Relations. iii. [451], Vanuatu is the only country in Oceania to call association football its national sport. However, the most popular usage excludes not only the Ryukyu, Kuril, and Aleutian islands and the Japanese archipelago but also islands that are historically closely related to the Asian mainland, such as Indonesia, Taiwan, and the Philippines. "[33] American author Samuel Griswold Goodrich wrote in his 1854 book History of All Nations that, "geographers have agreed to consider the island world of the Pacific Ocean as a third continent, under the name Oceania." Spanning the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of 8,525,989 square kilometres . New Zealand is often considered part of Polynesia rather than, Excludes parts of Indonesia, island territories in. [120] The South Pacific Commission is a developmental organization formed in 1947 and is currently known as the Pacific Community; its members include Australia and other Pacific Islands Forum members. Bullen added that, "Asia, Europe and the Maritime Continent are not literal geographic continents. [311][312] A 2011 survey found that 92% in Melanesia,[311] 93% in Micronesia[311] and 96% in Polynesia described themselves as Christians. This article is about the geographical region. [64][123] Archaeological evidence suggests that Micronesians may have lived on the Bonin Islands c.2,000 years ago, but they were uninhabited at the time of European discovery in the 16th century. In the 2013 book The Environments of the Poor in Southeast Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, Paul Bullen critiqued the definition of Oceania in Encyclopedia of Islands, and wrote that since Koppers included areas such as Vancouver Island, it is "not clear what the referents of 'Pacific Region', 'Oceania' or 'Pacific Islands' are." [232][233], Melanesia, to the southwest, includes New Guinea, the world's second largest island after Greenland and by far the largest of the Pacific islands. The book stated, "this definition of Oceania might seem too restrictive: Why not include Australia, for example, or even too broad, for what does Highland New Guinea have to do with Hawai'i? The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in the State Capitol. 37 million. In the tropical and subtropical Pacific, the El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects weather conditions. "[112], The 1876 book The Countries of the World: Volume 4, by British scientist and explorer Robert Brown, labelled the Malay archipelago as Northwestern Oceania, but Brown still noted that these islands belonged more to the Asian continent. [40][41] Prior to the 1950s, before the popularization of the theory of plate tectonics, Antarctica, Australia and Greenland were sometimes described as island continents, but none were usually taught as one of the world's continents in English-speaking countries. United Nations projections are also included through the year 2100. ", The Global Financial Centres Index 14 (September 2013), 2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook, "Industry sector of employment | Australia | Community profile", "The 23 cities with the best quality of life in the world", "Vienna tops Mercer's 19th Quality of Living ranking", "Foreign owners muscle in as New Zealand sells off all its assets", "New Zealand rated most business-friendly", "Page 10 External diversification after 1966", "Triennial Central Bank Survey, April 2013", "The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency", "A History of Honey Bees in the Hawaiian Islands", "Honolulu ranked 2nd safest city in America", "Tourism and Migration Statistics Visitor Arrivals by Usual Country of Residence (19952001)", "Tourism Satellite Account 201415:Key Figures", "5249.0 Australian National Accounts: Tourism Satellite Account, 201011", "Factsheet New Zealand Political Forces", "New Zealand Legislation: Royal Titles Act 1974", "The first wave of Australian feature film production", "Where to party in Australia on New Year's Eve", "Avo smash and flat whites bringing the Aussie vibe to New York", "Modern Australian recipes and Modern Australian cuisine", "Israel Kamakawiwo'ole: The Voice Of Hawaii", "World famous in New Zealand: Hobbiton Movie Set", "Government and nation National holidays", "ICC Cricket World Cup facts with list of winners and host countries", "Australian rules football (sport) Britannica Online Encyclopedia", "Rugby World Cup final: South Africa break records and beat All Blacks to milestones", "Warren Gatland failed to learn lessons of 2015 | Graham Price", "Rugby League Football 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand", "southern hemisphere sides are a class apart", "Nauru AFL team to play in International Cup", "Football in Australia Australia's Culture Portal", "AFL still fourth-best attended sporting competition in the world", "Meet Pohnpei: the Pacific islanders battling to become FIFA's 212th member", "The Associate Members of OFC 0:3 for football", "The Marshall Islands: The last country on Earth without a football team The Athletic", "Guam Football Association | History of GFA", "Australia World Cup is a long way away", "American Samoa finally get 17-year monkey off their back", "Australia set world record with 22-0 win over Tonga", " Australia: sports participants by type 2020", "National Sporting Agenda Announcement | Commonwealth Games Australia", "Brisbane2032 | About Queensland and its government | Queensland Government", "Australia and New Zealand to compete in Pacific Games", "Australian Open | tennis tournament | Britannica", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceania&oldid=1141815068, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Use Australian English from February 2016, All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2023, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles to be expanded from October 2018, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:30. These regions are usually considered to be part of Maritime Southeast Asia. [424] The sasa is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid synchronised movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums (pate) or rolled mats. military). [226], Australia and New Zealand became dominions in the 20th century, adopting the Statute of Westminster Act in 1942 and 1947 respectively. Australia and New Zealand have diversifiedeconomies, with a strong presence in the area of services and the primary sector (production), since between the two countries they account for 40% of the worlds sheep. The Pacific islands, on the other hand, subsist mostly ontourismand fishing. was estimated to be 44,416,763 people. The states of Hong Kong and Malaysia, located in both mainland Asia and marginal seas of the Pacific, are also excluded, as is the nation of Brunei, which shares the island of Borneo with Indonesia and Malaysia. The rest is distributed among the island countries of Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia, where native ethnic groups abound. [384] The King is represented by the Governor-General, whom he appoints on the advice of the Prime Minister. Population: Overall total population (both sexes and all ages) in the region as of July 1 of the year indicated, as estimated by the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. [170][171][172][173][174] Both were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans during the 17th century. [53][54] In a 1991 article for the Submerged Resources Center, American archeologist Toni L. Carrell wrote, "the immensity of and great distances within the Pacific Basin often make it difficult to conceptualize the basin as a single earth feature." Despite centuries of European influence, Samoa maintains its historical customs, social and political systems, and language. "[55] In his 2013 book Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pacific Islands: A Comprehensive Guide, American herpetologist George R. Zug wrote, "what is and is not part of the Pacificparticularly the western Pacificis variously delimited", adding that "a majority viewpoint accepts the landmasses of Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, New Guinea, and eastern Australia, which face the open waters of the Pacific, as its western edge." [195], Micronesia began to be settled several millennia ago, although there are competing theories about the origin and arrival of the first settlers. The highest increase in Australia was recorded in 1971 with 3.44 percent. The continent of Oceaniacovers the territorial set of fourteen different countries, which are: Australia, New Zealand, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, the Marshall Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga , Tuvalu and Vanuatu. [96] Islands in marginal seas of the Pacific were also covered in the book, including Alaska's Pribilof Islands (located to the north of the Aleutian chain in the subarctic Bering Sea) and China's Hainan (located in the South China Sea). [395][396] Since the mid-20th century, American popular culture has strongly influenced Australia, particularly through television and cinema. In this model of the world, Australia is only seen as an island nation contained inside of the continent of Oceania, and not a continent by itself. On 15 November 2022, the world's population reached 8 billion people, a milestone in human development. [339], Large areas of New Guinea are unexplored by scientists and anthropologists due to extensive forestation and mountainous terrain. PopulationPyramid.net Pirmides Populacionais do Mundo desde 1950 at 2100. "[140], American marine geologist Anthony A. P. Koppers wrote in the 2009 book Encyclopedia of Islands that, "as a whole, the islands of the Pacific Region are referred to as Oceania, the tenth continent on earth. Subregions in Oceania. [213], On 23 April 1770, British explorer James Cook made his first recorded direct observation of Aboriginal Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point. [458] It broke the previous record set two days earlier when Australia defeated Tonga 220. Year: as of July 1 of the year indicated. [340], Australia and New Zealand are the only highly developed independent nations in the region, although the economy of Australia is by far the largest and most dominant economy in the region and one of the largest in the world. Related to these concepts are Near Oceania, that part of western Island Melanesia which has been inhabited for tens of millennia, and Remote Oceania which is more recently settled. Our client is actively searching for an Asso Professor/ Professor (Population Health Implementation Science) to join their team. Trends i. Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield. The island states of Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Singapore and Taiwan, all located within the bounds of the Pacific or associated marginal seas, are excluded from the UN definition. [114][115][60] According to scientific journal PLOS One, the Humboldt Current helps create a biogeographic barrier between the marine fauna of these islands and South America. Oceania's largest export markets include Japan, China, the United States, India, South Korea and the European Union. [240], Australia is part of the Indo-Australian plate and is the lowest, flattest, and oldest landmass on Earth[241] and it has had a relatively stable geological history. He added that, "besides the proceeding, the Pacific contains many other islands, of which the most important are Hainan and Formosa, on the coast of China, the Japan isles, the Kuriles, the Aleutian Islands (stretching from the New World to the Old), Vancouver Island, the Galpagos, Juan Fernndez and Chilo. Migrants (net): The average annual number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants over the preceding five year period (running from July 1 to June 30 of the initial and final years), or subsequent five year period (for 2016 data). [38] The Oxford Handbook of World History (2011) describes the areas encompassed in Oceania as being "afterthoughts in world history texts, lumped together and included at the end of global surveys as areas largely marginal to the main events of world history". APT Satellite provides satellite communication and satellite . James, R.E., 1947. "[144] It has been theorized that the indigenous Jmon people of the Japanese archipelago are related to Austronesians, along with the indigenous inhabitants of the Ryukyu Islands. 4. The term, in its widest sense, embraces the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas. The Department of Health is currently seeking an Executive Director for the Population and Public Health Branch. The total population density, however, barely fluctuates between 2.8 and 3.4 inhabitants per square kilometer. It is thought that by roughly 1400 BCE,[203] "Lapita Peoples", so-named after their pottery tradition, appeared in the Bismarck Archipelago of north-west Melanesia. What Is The Population Of Oceania? These are: Guam, Hawaii, Christmas Island, Easter Island, Norfolk Island, Cocos Islands, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Pitcairn Islands, United States Minor Outlying Islands, French Polynesia, American Samoa, Wallis and Fortuna, Niue, New Caledonia, and Tokelau. Sugar exports and the growing tourist industry are the major sources of foreign exchange. The three remaining ships, led by Magellan and his captains Duarte Barbosa and Joo Serro, then sailed north and caught the trade winds which carried them across the Pacific to the Philippines where Magellan was killed. 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