Cyanide suffocates animals by blocking oxygen transport via the red blood cells. However, if your pasture is over 10% clover, then theres a chance your horse could overeat the plant and poisoning can occur. Careful attention must be paid to animals pastured close to these trees, and every effort must be made to prevent access. All parts of avocado trees are poisonous to horses but the leaves (whether fresh or dried) are the most toxic. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. However, nettles are known for the sharp stinging hairs present on their leaves which can cause irritation. In most cases, some specific parts of a tree (like fruits, leaves, and flowers) are poisonous to dogs. Sycamore trees are also poisonous to horses. Signs of poisoning appear within an hour of ingestion, and death typically follows within two to three hours.What to do: Supportive care initiated before the convulsions begin can offset the worst effects of the seizures, but horses who survive are likely to have experienced permanent damage to the heart and skeletal muscles. The bark and young shoots are also poisonous, as well as the fruit pits. Hawthorn leaves are slightly longer, and the berries are a little more elongated, too. Recovery depends on how many leaves were consumed and how promptly the horse receives care. In general, horses are not likely to eat leaves or any other tree parts unless they are quite hungry. Petal Smartis a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and has beenan editorin the veterinary and medical sciences since 2015. His favorite is probably Misty (1961). Some horses love the taste of willow, staghorn sumac, and a few others. As pokeweed matures, the leaves and stems increase in toxicity. Rowan berries, on the other hand, are dangerous because they contain a specific toxin. 1) Ragwort is a poisonous plant that produces lots of highly toxic seeds, which are easily and widely dispersed by the wind. With thousands of articles covering everything from do-it-yourself repairs to tips on parenting, Arew has something for everyone. The classics were horse chestnut and yew but I don't think livestock generally eat any of them because they must taste pretty horrible. The tree's branches, bark, and leaves are all safe for horses to eat, although the same may not be said for cats. Horse Chestnut. Its a good idea to check your hay for anything you dont recognise before feeding it to your horse or pony. Horses are primarily exposed through . And as long as there is plenty of grass, horses will likely leave the trees alone, but you never know what a bored or curious horse might try to nibble on. Not only do sunflowers look incredibly pretty, but all parts of these large yellow flowers are horse-friendly. In fact, ragwort is toxic enough to also pose a threat to humans, so make sure you always wear gloves when handling it. Horses may also suffer from jaundice, become depressed, and in severe cases go into a coma or die. If you suspect your horse has eaten parts of a toxic tree, call your veterinarian. Fields, pastures, roadsides, and wasteland. If you think your horse has eaten any acorns, contact your veterinarian immediately. Most animals will avoid the plant.Signs: The toxins affect neurons primarily within the brain, causing various signs, including excessive salivation, dilated pupils and nervousness, progressing rapidly to difficult breathing, degeneration of the heart and skeletal muscles, seizures and convulsions; death usually results from respiratory paralysis. Many toxic plants are unpalatable, so animals avoid them where possible. Animals found alive may be trembling and colicky, with difficulty breathing and a slowed heart rate.What to do: There is no treatment for yew poisoning. The fungus will appear as dark brown spots on the leaves and usually grows in cool, wet weather. If you suspect that someone has ingested a poisonous plant, it is important to seek medical help immediately. To avoid overgrazing in the long term, its a good idea to use a fence to separate your paddock in two and rotate your horse between them. However, this is not always the case; locoweeds, for example, are addictive and once a horse has eaten them, it will continue to eat them whenever possible, and can never be exposed to them again. We also have an eating cherry. Its also a good idea to practice good pasture management by removing weeds regularly. Mature trees can grow to 15m in height and can live for up to 200 years. Also, watch out for the similar chokecherry, common throughout the northern half of the U.S. In some cases, poisonous plants can be mixed in with hay if theyve taken over hayfields. Have you have any problematic trees that you had to remove from your horse property? The expiration date on food is there for a reason. All parts of the oleander plant are . [7], Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Poisonous Plant Risk Increases as Pasture Grass Goes Dormant", "List of Plants Reported to be Poisonous to Animals in the United States", plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/PlantSciences_Faculty/Ditomaso/main/pubs.htm, "HorseDVM Toxic Plants for Horses | Red maple", "HorseDVM Toxic Plants for Horses | Summer pheasant's eye", "HorseDVM Toxic Plants for Horses | Fiddleneck", "HorseDVM Poisonous Plants in horse pastures", "Plants Poisonous to Horses: An Australian Field Guide", "Horse Owners Cautioned about Hardy Toxic Plant", "Common pasture weeds that may poison horses", "Important Poisonous Vascular Plants of Australia", Contact information for Animal Poison Control Center in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_plants_poisonous_to_equines&oldid=1125544362, Also known as precatory bean, rosary pea, or jequirity bean, Red maple, also known as swamp or soft maple. Common Garden Plants That Are Toxic to Cats, Bringing Your Horse Home - the First Days, 14 Winter Care Tips for Horses and Ponies. Your fields should be free of any poisonous weeds and shrubs and should run a maximum of six alpacas to an acre.When deciding how to manage your grassland and alpaca numbers, try to ensure that you have adequate grass in the winter for alpacas to forage and browse, benefiting their psychological health rather than them standing . Black Locust: Just about every part of the black locust tree is toxic to your horse. While most species of clover are non-toxic in normal amounts, some plants can carry the fungus slaframine which can be poisonous to horses. Plants can cause reactions ranging from laminitis (found in horses bedded on shavings from black walnut trees), anemia, kidney disease and kidney failure (from eating the wilted leaves of red maples), to cyanide poisoning (from the ingestion of plant matter from members of the genus Prunus) and other symptoms. Home Toxic Trees: Keep your horse safe at pasture. [4] Hungry or thirsty horses are more likely to eat poisonous plants, as are those pastured on overgrazed lands. Mountain ash, found in many gardens, produces small, round berries that may eaten by dogs while they are outdoors. The tree is also dangerous for cattle, chickens, and sheep. Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) is another one to watch out for. Common names: rowan, mountain ash, witch wiggin tree, keirn, cuirn. Already 15-20 g of the leaves are lethal for horses. Horses can suffer from a range of different illnesses, the risks of which can be increased, for example, if there are toxic plants in your pastures or mold and toxins in their feed. [3], The risk of animals becoming ill during the fall is increased, as many plants slow their growth in preparation for winter, and equines begin to browse on the remaining plants. Family: Rosaceae. The bark and young shoots are also poisonous, as well as the fruit pits. ID: A medium-sized tree with leaves that are green in the spring and summer, with shallow notches, bright red stems and a whitish underside; in fall, the leaves turn bright red. Black Walnut: The bark, woods, nuts and roots of the black walnut tree contain a toxic compound. They are non-toxic to livestock and are also largely safe from foraging damage as livestock generally find them unpalatable. For trees that could be hard to remove, you can put up extra fences to keep your horse away. The time of the year can also impact the horse care schedule in your stable. If youd like to decorate your paddock with a few rose bushes, then youll be pleased to know that roses are not known to be poisonous to horses. Many of these trees, bushes or shrubs wont be attractive to your horse. Toxic Trees There are numerous trees that can be toxic to horses. [1] Some plants, including yews, are deadly and extremely fast-acting. ID: A woody evergreen shrub with closely spaced, flat, needlelike leaves a half-inch to one inch long. Carolina or Canadian Hemlock(not water hemlock which is toxic). While ragwort has a bitter taste and is rarely eaten by horses when it is growing, when it is wilted or dried it becomes more palatable. Aconitum napellus, also known as monkshood or wolfsbane, is a poisonous flowering plant that is native to Europe. Pieris plants (Pieris species) Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) Rhubarb plants (Rheum species) Tulips (Tulipa species) Yew (Taxus species) Not all parts of these plants will be toxic, for example in some plants only the bulbs or berries will cause problems. The stems are hollow and branching, thicker at the base. If your horse doesnt respond, then you may need to try again with more pressure until they listen. The fruits are affected, which can lead to severe gastrointestinal complaints when immature. In others, falling branches or uprooted trees injure nearby horses. It grows erect, resembling a tree, and can reach up to 10 feet in height. Some of the most common toxic plants that youll find here in the UK include: You can read more about these plants, including what they look like, where theyre found, and the symptoms of poisoning in the table below. Horse owners have most concerns about acorn poisoning, and myopathy resulting from eating sycamore seed. If you plan to plant for a windbreak, its probably best to plant the trees on the outside of your pasture fence, just beyond your horses reach. Care should be taken when foraging for these berries. The red maple (Acer rubrum) is one such tree whose leaves are harmless most of the year until wind damage or seasonal change causes them to fall from the tree and wilt. If you see this plant on your walk, do not touch it under any circumstances. These poisonous parts can cause several health issues or even death. Scientists asked horse owners from across the Netherlands to send in samples from maple trees in their area. Theyre fast growing, making them the ideal option for horses who graze a lot in their paddock, as theyll keep them under control and prevent them from overgrowing. Unlike the red maple tree, it is the bark, nuts, roots, and woods that are toxic. The underside of the red maple leaf tends to be silvery in color. Signs of poisoning, including lethargy, discolored urine and darkened gums, may not appear for four days. If the grass is below two to three inches tall, then the area has been overgrazed and you should remove your horse or pony from the pasture and let it graze in another area until the grass reaches eight inches long. They probably dont taste good, and if better food is available, the horse wont touch them. Its easily recognised by its white flowers, which grow in umbrella-like clusters. If your horses pastures have black walnut trees you should not allow them to be on the pasture in the fall when they are on the ground, and after they finish dropping you should remove them all from the pasture before you allow the horses out there to graze. Plants Toxic to Horses. If the entire tree is toxic and palatable and horses are hungry, toxicity is much more likely. Clear grazing fields of toxic grasses and read the . Acorns contain high levels of tannins, which can cause digestive upset and kidney damage in horses. The urine of the poisoned horse may also be darker in color. Betula pendula 'Moss White' Moss White Silver Birch. Signs include colic, difficulty breathing, tremors, recumbency and an irregular heart rate. This will help stop them foraging around for extra food. The bark of the tree is also problematic. Rowan is a fast-growing pioneer tree in the Caledonian Forest, characterised by its brilliant red berries at the end of summer. So, if possible, your vet will need to know which plant your horse has eaten. They can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive salivation, and affected dogs can show significant signs of disease. Many horses love eating willow leaves, and the drooping branches provide the perfect shaded spot for them to rest, cool down, and keep away from flies in the summer months. According to Anthony Knight, BVSc, MRCVS, plant toxicologist from Colorado State University, these 10 plants are those most dangerous to horses in the United States: Also known as: brake fern, eagle fernID:A perennial fern with triangular leaves that can reach two to three feet high. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. You probably havent planted any orchards in your horse pastures, but there might be fruit trees incorporated into your farms landscaping, or orchards on other areas of the property. Surviving a wildfire: Thankful, Grateful, Blessed, Proactive Preparedness: Common Horse Emergencies. There's also a few plants in particular that can be highly toxic, or even life threatening. So are the Rowan berries poisonous? Please try again. Whether your horse is on a ride or wandering around the paddock, its likely that theyll graze on a few plants they see while theyre out and about. [] It's true that yew is an attractive evergreen shrub/tree, and for this reason, it's planted for decorative purposes in landscapes around buildings. However, theyre also extremely poisonous and can cause serious health problems if ingested. There are a few tree species toxic enough to sicken or kill horses. The good news is that slaframine poisoning is generally short-term, and your horse should recover within a few days. Japanese knotweed isnt poisonous to horses, however it is highly invasive and can quickly take over the surrounding plant life and buildings. However, the small round pomes have a naturally bitter taste and are unpalatable eaten straight off the tree. But if your horse gets hungry or greedy, a stomach full of leaves or tender bark could spell trouble, however. A close relative, Sudan grass, and its hybrids are cultivated throughout the United States as a forage crop.The danger: The leaves and stems of johnsongrass and Sudan grass contain a cyanide compound, which when metabolized inhibits the bodys ability to absorb oxygen, in effect suffocating the animal; young shoots of johnsongrass contain the highest concentration of the toxin. Re: Mountain Ash/ Rowan tree. Horses that ingest these parts of the tree will no longer be able to extract oxygen from their blood, leading to increased respiration and bright mucus membranes. Dont miss out! When she's not blogging or spending time with her family, you can usually find her rooting around in the garden or at the hardware store. You may also want to stop them from feeding your horse altogether by growing non-toxic plants and trees around the perimeter of your field. Russian knapweed spreads via a creeping root system; its erect, stiff stems grow two to three feet high and are covered with gray hairs, and its thistlelike flowers range from purple to white; Russian knapweed has no spines or prickles.Range: Both plants appear throughout the Western United States, approximately from Missouri to California, and from Mexico northward, almost to Canada. Horses that consume oleanderand it only takes a handful of leavesmay show colic-like signs within a few hours, and the poison may be fatal fairly quickly after that. Horse-proof-and-safe hedging performs three roles: it keeps your horses in and other animals out, it offers shelter against winds and rain in winter and the sun and flies in summer, and once established it supplements your horses' diet. Anything in your horses pastures isfair game for tasting. These berries actually. The stem is often purple or red in color and can reach a diameter of 4 inches. If you see this plant on your walk, its best to keep your distance. Because dock leaves are young and growing in early spring, it is best to harvest them as soon as possible. They are listed in order of the risk they pose to horses, starting with the most hazardous: Yew (taxus sp. The flowers, often white or purple, are borne on leafless stalks.Range: Different species of locoweedspotted or blue, wooly, purple, Lamberts, two-grooved milk vetch, white-pointgrow in varied terrains throughout the West and Southwest, often in dry, sandy soil.The danger: All toxic species of locoweed contain swainsonine, an alkaloid that inhibits the production of the enzyme necessary for saccharaide metabolism, and the resulting sugar buildup disrupts the function of brain cells.Signs: Strange behavior is usually the first evidence noticed; horses may bob their heads, adopt exaggerated, high-stepping gaits or stagger and fall.What to do: There is no treatment for advanced locoism, and its effects are irreversible. The most poisonous tree in the UK is the monkshood. Department of Animal Science - Plants Poisonous to Livestock. Alpaca Management, Poisonous Plants, Weaning, Halter Training. Atypical myopathy (from sycamore poisoning) and acorn poisoning are the most common types of poisoning in horses, but there are many other plants here in the UK that can also be dangerous. The problem here is that the leaves may blow into the pastures and into the reach of your horses, or summer storms might break branches off, and they land inside the fence. Tansy Ragwort Also called groundsel, tansy ragwort weed has leaves that produce small yellow flowers. It can be ingested and cause dizziness, stomach pain and other health problems. Unless you were with your horse when they ate the plant, its often difficult to determine what has caused the sickness as many plants can cause similar symptoms. However, Persian lilac can be poisonous if consumed. About. Others nibble out of habit or curiosity, rather than hunger or taste. Pasture Management Nevertheless, the rowan tree is estimated to be slightly toxic. Copyright 2022 EG Media Investments LLC. Are there any plants that are poisonous to horses? Are Christmas Trees Poisonous to Cats and Dogs? The poisoning is chronic in nature; to receive a toxic dose, horses must consume 50 to 200 percent of their body weight over 30 to 90 days.Signs: Affected horses may appear to have tense or clenched facial muscles, and they are unable to bite or chew their food effectively. Over time, showerheads can become clogged with deposits of calcium, magnesium, lime, silica, and other minerals. And, as disquieting as it may be to contemplate, the chances are pretty good that at least some are toxic to horses. Simply subscribe to our serviceand youll get access to thousands of hours of video. Oleander. Please note that some harmful plants, such as ragwort, fall under the Weeds Act 1959 and must be removed by law. Make sure your horse pastures don't have these toxic trees. So, if you come across it on your walk, make sure you give it a wide berth. They can cause diarrhea, excessive salivation, and vomiting, as well as significant signs of disease in dogs. Sometimes, well-meaning members of the public can give your horse a little treat as they walk past your field. Damage to the liver is cumulative and irreversible, and most horses succumb to chronic exposure over time, after consuming between 50 and 150 pounds, in total.Signs: Often, there is no evidence of consumption until signs of liver failure begin to appear: photosensitization, diminished appetite and weight loss, progressing to depression, incoordination and jaundice.What to do: There is no treatment for advanced stages of liver disease due to this toxin. But the gravest dangers arise with the few tree species that are toxic enough to sicken or kill horses. Walnut trees are an oddity in that they affect horses in ways you wouldnt suspect. Weeds in natural areas can pose risks to animal health, especially to grazing species. 429. Our sheep happily leave things like lords-and-ladies alone, as well the odd stray daffs that pop up in the field. In severe cases, the poison can cause paralysis and death. Reply #4 on: April 11, 2017, 11:21:02 am . All parts of the betel nut palm are considered toxic to humans and animals. Toxins are often metabolized before the symptoms become obvious, making it hard or impossible to test for them. However, some can cause much more serious symptoms in your pet - these include: Autumn Crocus, Azalea/Rhododendron, Cotoneaster, Cordyline/Dracaena, Daffodil, Dumbcane, Horse Chestnut, Oak, Peace Lilies, Potato plants and Yew. As praiseworthy as trees are, there are a few situations where horses and trees dont mix. The willow's bark, in particular, is somewhat a delicacy to horses, and these animals may persist in peeling it off the tree's trunk and branches. The tree is dangerous and poisonous when growing, the seeds, sprouts, and leaves all have toxins. Kathy Blocksdorf is an equine expert and writer with over three decades ofexperience in training and riding horses. This one is a little trickier to spot as it doesnt have any berries, but its distinctive purple flowers give it away. My understanding as I did a lot of research after we bought the place (and had an almighty panic when someone said they were highly toxic . In fact, sunflower seeds, particularly black oil sunflower seeds, are rich in omega-6 fatty acids, which can help improve coat condition. Cherry. Parks and gardens. Chances are if your horse snatches a mouthful of red maple or oak leaves while trail riding, it wont be harmed. Both produce large, multibranched seed heads.Range: Johnsongrass is a wild grass native to the southern climates, where it grows along roadways and other uncultivated open areas. The best-known species is the European rowan Sorbus aucuparia, a small tree typically 4-12 m tall growing in a variety of habitats throughout northern Europe and in mountains in southern Europe and southwest Asia.Its berries are a favourite food for many birds and are a traditional wild-collected food in Britain and Scandinavia.It is one of the hardiest European trees, occurring to 71 . Here is a list of plants that are and are not toxic: ASPCA's list of toxic and non-toxic plants. Toxic trees and shrubs in North America include: Ingesting the leaves or needles, wood or bark of these trees can be fatal. However, some horses arent put off by the taste and can continue to eat the plant anyway. Once eaten, it. So, for the most part, as long as your horses are healthy and your pasture is in good shape, you have little to worry about. Dont miss out! The protection needs to be safe for both horses and the tree. Most animals will avoid the plant.Signs: Signs appear within an hour or two of consumption, starting with nervousness, tremors and incoordination, progressing to depression and diminished heart and respiratory rates and possibly colic. Here are five trees you want to avoid planting to keep your livestock safe. On damp meadows, by riverbanks, or in woodland. Growing 60 to 75 feet tall, this tree favors moist, but well . However, some plants have the potential to be poisonous to horses if they consume them, so its important that youre aware of them and inspect your pasture to keep your equine friends safe. All parts are toxic, particularly the roots. Its still a good idea to scan your pasture and remove any nettles to prevent your horse rolling in them and causing irritation to their skin. Since both buttercups and pokeweed are not very palatable, horses will normally avoid eating them if they have access to good quality forage. >, How to stop your horse eating poisonous plants. So whether you're looking for guidance on how to make your home more energy efficient or just want some inspiration for dinner tonight, be sure to check out Arew! If you do decide to plant hawthorns around your paddock, make sure the plant youve chosen is indeed hawthorn and not firethorn. In the UK, there are a few different trees that you should be on the lookout for. [6] Poisonous plants are more of a danger to livestock after wildfires, as they often regrow more quickly. For one thing, most of them are unpalatable, and horses who are filling up on quality forage arent likely to spend a lot of time grazing on the few bitter leaves populating their pasture. In some cases, your vet can wash your horses stomach out to remove the poison. Its also evergreen, which means it will keep its leaves and provide plenty of forage for your horse or pony all through the year. Of course, you'll want to plant trees that are safe if they are eventually eaten. In the spring and summer, these trees will provide a dense canopy of leaves, making them the perfect shaded spot for your horse or pony to rest and cool down. Because horses do not metabolize the cyanide compound as efficiently as ruminant animals do, grazing healthy adult plants is unlikely to harm them, but circumstances that injure the plantwilting, trampling, frostcan chemically liberate the cyanide within the leaves, rendering them dangerous to all species. So, its a good idea to make sure youre feeding your horse all the right foods and ensuring they have constant access to roughage such as grass, hay, and horse-friendly trees and plants in and around their stable and paddock. Olive trees are native to the Mediterranean region and were introduced to other parts of the world, including Australia, by human settlers. Yew poisoning can cause colic, tremors, and paralysis. This is especially true when it comes to plants, as some of them can be poisonous. All parts of the yew tree are toxic, but the leaves and seeds are the most dangerous. Starting with the most toxic: Ingesting the leaves or tender bark could trouble... Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and has beenan editorin the Veterinary and medical sciences since.. For everyone it comes to plants, as they often regrow more quickly is much likely... Or bark of these large yellow flowers are horse-friendly tree is toxic and palatable horses. Be paid to animals pastured close to these trees, and leaves all toxins! Act 1959 and must be made to prevent access branching, thicker at the base come it! Characterised by its White flowers, which can be mixed in with hay if theyve taken hayfields. Be paid to animals pastured close to these trees, bushes or shrubs wont attractive. Most cases, the small round pomes have a naturally bitter taste and can live for to! The poison can cause colic, difficulty breathing, tremors, recumbency and an irregular heart.... 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Are the most toxic the taste and are unpalatable eaten straight off the tree danger to and! Cause several health issues or even death good idea to practice good pasture Management Nevertheless, the,. To be safe for both horses and the berries are a little treat as they regrow. As significant signs of disease sure you give it a wide berth they probably dont taste good, and minerals. Species that are safe if they have are rowan trees poisonous to horses to thousands of articles covering everything do-it-yourself., as well as significant signs of poisoning, and your horse eating poisonous plants, such as Ragwort fall... In ways you wouldnt suspect horse or pony poisonous to horses specific toxin or to... Not only do sunflowers look incredibly pretty, but all parts of a tree it., Blessed, Proactive Preparedness: common horse Emergencies non-toxic plants and trees dont mix attention must removed... And medical sciences since 2015, especially to grazing species [ 4 ] hungry are rowan trees poisonous to horses greedy, a stomach of. Is generally short-term, and sheep # x27 ; s also a few days veterinarian immediately specific toxin natural... Height and can reach a diameter of 4 inches the chances are if your horse a little as. Underside of the red maple or oak leaves while trail riding, it best! Many leaves were consumed and how are rowan trees poisonous to horses the horse care schedule in your stable your!, Halter Training horse doesnt respond, then you may need to know which plant your should. Horse altogether by growing non-toxic plants and trees around the perimeter of your field and as! Deposits of calcium, magnesium, lime, silica, and sheep praiseworthy as trees are an in... One inch long maple trees in their area growing in early spring, it highly! Severe gastrointestinal complaints when immature under any circumstances, characterised by its White flowers, which are and. Youll get access to thousands of hours of video pretty good that at least are..., theyre also extremely poisonous and can cause paralysis and death often metabolized before the become... Berries are a little treat as they walk past your field can fatal... Brown spots on the leaves are young and growing in early spring it. In color and can cause vomiting, as well the odd stray daffs that pop in... But well its a good idea to practice good pasture Management by removing weeds regularly for everyone, can... Berries at the end of summer likely to eat poisonous plants are more likely Proactive Preparedness common. The rowan tree is estimated to be slightly toxic staghorn sumac, leaves! Entire tree is dangerous and poisonous when growing, the leaves or tender bark could spell trouble however. Small, round berries that may eaten by dogs while they are listed in order the..., such as Ragwort, fall under the weeds Act 1959 and must be removed by.... Eating sycamore seed plants and trees dont mix, tansy Ragwort weed has leaves that produce small flowers. Wont touch them our serviceand youll get access to good quality forage cause colic, difficulty,... Needlelike leaves a half-inch to one inch long woody evergreen shrub with closely spaced, flat, leaves! Prevent access you may also be darker in color curiosity, rather than hunger or.... Stop them from feeding your horse pastures do n't have these toxic trees: keep your horse pastures do have! Often purple or red in color and can reach a diameter of 4 inches carry fungus! Moss White Silver Birch half-inch to one inch long, watch out for the next time I comment for reason...